Este artículo introduce un concepto nuevo con el que poder comprender el Quijote : el socratismo cristiano. Un elemento del ascetismo que impregnaba la España barroca de la Contrarreforma, y del que participaba Cervantes. El Quijote es una guerra entre Cervantes y don Quijote, o dicho de otra forma, entre el último capítulo y los restantes, entre el Barroco y el Renacimiento –y su continuación, la modernidad- expresión literaria de la guerra entre el Imperio español y Europa. Su carácter dialéctico (...) se refleja incluso en el enfrentamiento entre las dos corrientes interpretativas preponderantes. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza la dictadura del proletariado desde las revisiones en la coyuntura político-filosófica de los años setenta, marcada por la emergencia de la crisis del marxismo y la revisión antiestalinista de los principales conceptos bolcheviques, hasta la actualidad. Para ello, contrastamos las obras de Antoni Domènech y Étienne Balibar y sus tradiciones filosóficas respectivas destacando sus encuentros y problemas comunes. Por otro lado, hemos decidido acometer la dictadura del proletariado a partir de tres oposiciones: clase contra clase/alianza de clases, (...) dictadura comisaria/dictadura soberana, planificación/mercado. (shrink)

The current article aims to study the circumstantial e historical character of Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy, organising the multiple dispersed data in his works. Philosophical literature has thought over the term vital reason a lot. However, it can be disappointingly observed that the most important issue hardly appears in its explanations. With it, Ortega meant, above all, that even in his there is no definitive philosophy. Consequently, the reason, the philosophy is alive, which does not mean that we are always (...) the same, since Philosophy is more and more experienced: there is progress, complexity increases. (shrink)

Se presenta una sistematización de las diez respuestas que, desperdigadas, podemos encontrar en la obra de Ortega y Gasset a la pregunta ¿por qué filosofa el hombre?: por naturaleza, amor, asombro, curiosidad, placer, felicidad, para estar en lo cierto, para jugar, para evadirse y para orientarse. Si todas estas pueden integrarse y adquieren una nueva significación en función de la última respuesta, correspondiente a las reflexiones de su tercer periodo que concibe la filosofía como orientación, esta será, además, la primera (...) tesis de su sistema filosófico, la realidad radical. De este modo, su filosofía quedará justificada; obligación que todo filósofo tiene para con su obra, a juicio de Ortega. ENGLISH: The article provides a systematization of the ten answers that can be found in the work of Ortega y Gasset to the question of why human beings philosophize: by nature, out of love, astonishment, curiosity, pleasure, or happiness, to be right, to play, to evade oneself, and to obtain guidance. If all of these can be integrated and acquire a new meaning with respect to the last response, which corresponds to Ortega's reflections during his third period, in which philosophy is understood as guidance, this will also be the first thesis of his philosophical system, radical reality. In this way, his philosophy would be justified, an obligation that according to Ortega, applies to all philosophers. (shrink)

This article does a research into a theme that has not been studied specifically. This is curious, as the idea of philosophy is the most important one in Ortega y Gasset’s system. Here, it is considered concerning its specifity: the principles of pantonomy and autonomy his platitudinous nature and its integrating and critical functions. As it can be seen, Philosophy’s traditional characteristics. Ortega sets them out in a masterly way, reaching its hight literary brilliance when he praises Philosophy.

Resumen El presente texto realiza un análisis de la estructura narrativa, y de la estética y contenido de la obra cinematográfica de Fernando Arrabal Iré como un caballo loco. Más allá de su reconocida trayectoria como dramaturgo, esta obra singular construye de forma profunda y estructurada una narración compleja, llena de referentes biográficos, literarios y mediáticos, más allá de la simple apariencia de caos, confusión y absurdo. La intertextualidad de su estructura narrativa obliga a realizar un análisis cualitativo e interdisciplinar, (...) para llegar a los aspectos más escondidos e insospechados de la película, donde nada es casual. Entre las principales aportaciones se encuentran la dualidad narrativa y estructural que la conecta tanto con Esquilo como con las películas de viaje y carretera.: This article makes an analysis of the narrative structure, of the aesthetics and content of Fernando Arrabal’s film work Iré como un caballo loco. Beyond his acknowledged trajectory as a playwright, this unique work constructs -in a deep and structured way- a complex narrative, full of biographical, literary and media referents, beyond the mere appearance of chaos, confusion and absurdity. The intertextuality of its narrative structure forces a qualitative and interdisciplinary analysis to reach the most hidden and unsuspected aspects of the film, where nothing is accidental. Among the main contributions are a narrative and structural duality that connects both with Aeschylus and also with journey and road movies. (shrink)

RESUMENEl senequismo se ha atribuido habitualmente a la filosofía española como uno de sus rasgos característicos. Sin embargo, nunca se ha contemplado en Ortega y Gasset, pese a que éste encarna a la perfección muchos otros rasgos pertenecientes a la idiosincrasia de la filosofía española. El presente artículo investiga hasta qué punto Ortega es estoico, para lo cual aborda una serie de temas, como el senequismo popular español, el alcionismo, el sosiego español, el clasicismo, la ironía socrática, el Quijote y (...) la posmodernidad, entre otros. Para terminar encontrando una vía desde la que poder concluir que Séneca se halla en Ortega.PALABRAS CLAVEFILOSOFÍA ESPAÑOLA, ALCIONISMO, IRONÍA SOCRáTICA, QUIJOTE, POSMODERNIDADABSTRACTSenequism has always been regarded as one of the typical features of Spanish philosophy. Nevertheless, it has never been taken into account in Ortega y Gasset, despite the fact that he perfectly embodies many other characteristics that belong to the idiosyncrasy of Spanish Philosophy. This article researches to what extent Ortega is stoical. Through the discussion of a series of issues such as Spanish Popular Senequism, Halcyonism, Spanish serenity, Classicism, Socratic irony, the Quixote and Postmodernity among others, we find a means to conclude that Seneca is present in Ortega.KEYWORDSSPANISH PHILOSOPHY, HALCYONISM, SOCRATIC IRONY, QUIXOTE, POSTMODERNITY. (shrink)

Training for sustainable development is an educational challenge of prime importance. Physical activity and sports in natural environments provide training committed to sustainability and environmental education. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an undergraduate training program in Physical Activities and Sports in Natural Environments concerned with sustainable development. A total of 113 students from the Autonomous University of Madrid who are studying a Bachelor’s Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences and a Master’s Degree in (...) Teacher Training for Secondary Education and High School were involved. Specifically, we aimed to assess the impact of this training program on three dimensions related to Environmental Education. Its effect was also examined bearing in mind students’ sex, age and educational profile. Mixed-methods were used: for the quantitative approach, data were collected with the Environmental Attitude in Physical Activities in Natural Environments validated scale; for the qualitative approach individual reflective diaries completed by students that attended the program were analyzed. The results show positive effects on the students regarding the three dimensions of Environmental Education, for both the sportive and educational training profiles. The quantitative results do not present significant differences concerning the gender variable, although the qualitative information shows that female students perceived a greater environmental sensitivity during their practices. Regarding the age variable, significant differences are found in the youngest students with an educational profile. To conclude, the study ratifies that the program carried out generated improvements in terms of knowledge, behaviors and attitudes toward the environment and sustainable development. Future research should use larger samples and consider other variables related to education for sustainability. (shrink)

The Air Quality Index (AQI) shows the state of air pollution in a unique and more understandable way. This work aims to forecast the AQI in Algeciras (Spain) 8 hours in advance. The AQI is calculated indirectly through the predicted concentrations of five pollutants (O3, NO2, CO, SO2 and PM10) to achieve this goal. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and a newly proposed method combing a rolling window with the latter (LSTMNA) are employed as the (...) forecasting techniques. Besides, two input approaches are evaluated: using only the data from the own time series of the pollutant in the first case or adding exogenous variables in the second one. Several window sizes are employed (24, 28 and 72 hours) with ANNs and LSTMNAs. Additionally, several feature ranking methods are applied in the exogenous approach to select the most relevant lagged variables to feed the models. Results show how the proposed exogenous approach increases the performance of the prediction models. Besides, the newly proposed method LSTMNA provides the best performances in most of the cases evaluated. Hence, it constitutes an exciting alternative to standard LSTMs and ANNs to predict pollutants concentrations and, consequently, the AQI. (shrink)

Este artículo desarrolla un panorama histórico de las evaluaciones de logro académico, estandarizadas y a gran escala, aplicadas en la educación mexicana. Mediante una investigación documental, se analizan los inicios, expansión, consolidación y situación actual de este tipo de pruebas. Se concluye destacando la relevancia de contar con evaluaciones confiables del logro académico, que contribuyan al desarrollo educativo nacional.

Physical education is often selected for applying multilingual initiatives through the use of the content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach. However, it is still unclear whether the introduction of such approach might entail losing Physical Education’s essence and distorting its basic purposes. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of CLIL on the Physical Education lessons. Given the purpose of this study, a mixed methodological approach based on a sequential exploratory design divided in two different phases (...) is used. We begin with an initial qualitative data collection (phase I) consisting in the analysis of interviews with 12 participants (8 teachers and 4 students). Based on its analysis, two foci are identified: social relationships and physical activity. Then, informed by the results obtained, a quantitative approach is used (phase II), differentiating these two sets of data to deepen on them. On one part, a sociometric questionnaire was applied to analyse the social relationships among CLIL students. On the other part, a quasi-experimental design (n = 49) was implemented using accelerometry to measure the MVPA of the PE sessions. Regarding physical activity, the results show that levels of MVPA are higher in the experimental group (CLIL) than in the control group showing light to the divergent viewpoints of interviewees. However, focusing on social relationships, the sociometric questionnaire results show that there were no statistical significative changes, although some signs of a slight effect on students’ relationships arise depending on their gender. Therefore, more research would be necessary to deepen on how CLIL affects in this regard. (shrink)

The objective of this research is to develop accurate forecasting models for chlorophyll-α concentrations at various depths in El Mar Menor, Spain. Chlorophyll-α plays a crucial role in assessing eutrophication in this vulnerable ecosystem. To achieve this objective, various deep learning forecasting techniques, including long short-term memory, bidirectional long short-term memory and gated recurrent uni networks, were utilized. The models were designed to forecast the chlorophyll-α levels with a 2-week prediction horizon. To enhance the models’ accuracy, a sliding window method (...) combined with a blocked cross-validation procedure for time series was also applied to these techniques. Two input strategies were also tested in this approach: using only chlorophyll-α time series and incorporating exogenous variables. The proposed approach significantly improved the accuracy of the predictive models, no matter the forecasting technique employed. Results were remarkable, with |$\overline{\sigma}$| values reaching approximately 0.90 for the 0.5-m depth level and 0.80 for deeper levels. The proposed forecasting models and methodologies have great potential for predicting eutrophication episodes and acting as decision-making tools for environmental agencies. Accurate prediction of eutrophication episodes through these models could allow for proactive measures to be implemented, resulting in improved environmental management and the preservation of the ecosystem. (shrink)

Esta entrevista se realizó a través de Zoom el 13 de julio de 2021.

Usando elementos del análisis narrativo, este artículo examina la batalla final y la victoria que se consigue a través del enviado de Dios, un jinete en un caballo blanco. Desenredando la red de relaciones en el texto, el jinete en el caballo blanco se identifica con el Cristo de Dios, que ha estado presente en el libro desde el inicio. El artículo muestra como el Jinete en el caballo blanco resume en sí mismo todo lo que el Apocalipsis dice sobre (...) Jesús. (shrink)

The modern concept of reason called one of the fundamental tenets of Christianity into question: the universal value of the salvation brought to all humanity by Jesus. From a modern point of view, it is not possible for a historic and contingent event, such as the death of Jesus, to bear universal meaning for men of all times. In this article I aim to show how René Girard’s anthropological hypothesis offers an alternative answer to the seemingly impossible universale concretum.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la relación y la recepción que cuatro filósofos de la generación de la democracia: Tomás Pollán, Javier Sádaba, Manuel Fraijó y Jesús Mosterín han mantenido y realizado respectivamente, con y sobre, el pensamiento español contemporáneo que les antecedió.

La manifestación de Jesús tiene su punto culminante en el último día de la fiesta de las Tiendas, en el templo de Jerusalén (Jn 7,38-39). Jesús se proclama poseedor y dador del Espíritu. De la comunión con Cristo emerge la potencia del amor divino, el Espíritu, en el creyente. Cristo resucitado, el Espíritu, la libertad, están en relación de mutua implicación, y constituyen un contexto existencial unitario en la persona que los acoge, según san Pablo. Es preciso tomar (...) conciencia del Espíritu presente en nuestra interioridad. Religiosas/os han encarnado la fertilidad del Espíritu y la ilustran para nuestro tiempo. Para entender la vitalidad, la acción del Espíritu que reciben los creyentes debemos mirar a María. (shrink)

War is father of all, and king of all. He renders some gods, others men;he makes some slaves, others free.—HeraclitusLanguages in the Crossfire is an impressive and well-documented book written by...

El artículo expone detalladamente el comentario agustiniano de Jn 4, 1-42. Al analizar el diálogo entre Cristo y la Samaritana, el autor se centra particularmente en Io. eu. tr. 15 y diu. qu. 64.

Countries may be erring in the current trend towards relying entirely on volunteers to fulfil blood and plasma needs. Complementing uncompensated blood with compensated blood is vitally necessary not only effectively to meet the blood and plasma needs of most countries, but it is also ethically sound.

Gestural viewpoint research suggests that several dimensions determine which perspective a narrator takes, including properties of the event described. Events can evoke gestures from the point of view of a character , an observer , or both perspectives. CVPT and OVPT gestures have been compared to constructed action and classifiers in signed languages. We ask how CA and CL, as represented in ASL productions, compare to previous results for CVPT and OVPT from English-speaking co-speech gesturers. Ten ASL signers described cartoon (...) stimuli from Parrill . Events shown by Parrill to elicit a particular gestural strategy were coded for signers' instances of CA and CL. CA was divided into three categories: CA-torso, CA-affect, and CA-handling. Signers used CA-handling the most when gesturers used CVPT exclusively. Additionally, signers used CL the most when gesturers used OVPT exclusively and CL the least when gesturers used CVPT exclusively. (shrink)

Informed consent is a perennial topic in bioethics. It has given the field a place in clinical practice and the law and is often the starting point for introductory instruction in medical ethics. One would think that nearly everything has been said and done on this well-worn topic.

As we wrestle with the role and limits of policing, a political philosopher who spent over two decades as a New York City police officer and Vermont chief of police presents a normative account of what it means to police a pluralist democracy. Invoking his vast experience, Brandon del Pozo argues that we all have the prerogative to use force to protect others, but police embody the government's unique duty to do so effectively and with restraint. He recasts order (...) maintenance as brokering and enforcing the fair terms of social cooperation in our public spaces, for the protection of minority interests, and for a society where diverse conceptions of the good can flourish. The reasons why we police, he says, must be ones that all citizens can evaluate as equals. His book explains the democratic commitments of policing, and lays the groundwork for meaningful police innovation and reform. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Recently, the hypothesis that purely evaluative disputes are metalinguistic negotiations has gained traction. I resist a strong version of that hypothesis, and argue that some of those disputes are not metalinguistic negotiations. To defend that claim, I argue that metalinguistic negotiations have three linguistic properties that some purely evaluative disputes lack. First, in a metalinguistic negotiation it is felicitous to embed the dispute-initial statement under the subjective attitude verb consider; second, a speaker can reply to that initial statement by (...) using a metalinguistic comparative; and, third, such negotiations address metalinguistic questions under discussion. Some purely evaluative disputes lack these properties, which suggests that they are not metalinguistic negotiations. (shrink)

Research into epistemic injustice, the practice of discrediting people as knowers based on their social identity, has gained broad popularity in ethics. Racism in medicine often mani...

While providing people with the same nicotine that forms the basis of their physical addiction, there is no available evidence that electronic nicotine delivery systems have carcinogenic eff...